John Ford, moviemaker
Today is the birthday of John Ford, one of the greatest moviemakers who ever lived.
John Ford movies were part of my growing up, even as a teenager I knew that they were special, as did my brother, who was also movie-mad. We watched every Ford movie that came on TV.
We tried to be cool, those hokey songs would ring out of the opening credits and in unison we would shout “Oh no, not The Sons of the Poineers”, the name of Ford’s barbershop quartet who sung those rousing cowboy songs. But the truth is we watched and loved them all, Stagecoach, My Darling Clementine, even the The Informer. But we loved the cavalry movies above all, Fort Apache, Rio Grande, She wore a Yellow Ribbon, John Wayne and Henry Fonda. The Quiet man, Ford’s Irish fantasy, was something of a controversy in our home, because we were of poor Irish descent and we knew there was nowhere as nice as Ford’s fictional village of Innisfree. The Quiet Man did not get a good press where I lived, but more on that later.
John Ford, growing up
John Ford was born John Martin Feeney in 1894, in Cape Elizabeth, Maine to Irish parents who had emigrated from County Galway at the tail end of the Potato Famine. Like so many Irish families that faced the choice between starvation and emigration they struggled hard at first, to make their way in the land of opportunity. For John Ford his Irish ancestry was always important and became an integral part of his artistic vision.
John Feeney was a dreamy, outdoorsy boy. From early on, he had bad eyesight, yet paradoxically developed a strong and distinctive visual sense. He was interested in drawing and was clearly an artistic boy. When he was 12 he caught Diptheria, then a potentially fatal disease. As it was, he was bedridden for a year, and in that time his imaginative inner life became even stronger.
However, Ford wanted the manly life of a strong, athletic Irishman, a man amongst men. More by willpower than physique he became a star of the school football team, nicknamed “Bull” Feeney, the man no opposition could stop.
John Ford in Hollywood
John’s older brother Francis had made his way to Hollywood, which was just becoming known as a place that made movies. Francis became famous as a director of early movie serials. He got his brother John a job, first as a scene-shifter , then as a stuntman. John Feeney became Jack Ford and quickly slipped across the line into directing movies. By the time he was 24, Jack Ford had become a respected director in early Hollywood. His reputation was as a no-nonsense director who got the job done on budget. Jack, now John, Ford actively fostered his workman like reputation in order to prevent the studio from taking too close an interest in his movies.
John Ford’s movies: the picture and the story
Ford had an amazing sense of visual composition. His mastery of the still shot has never been surpassed. The action starts somewhere in the scene and progresses through the shot. It goes from long-shot to middle distance to foreground and then on. The camera does not move.
He doesn’t just do this because he can. By keeping the camera still and not resorting to cuts and close-ups, he keeps the story, not the actor, not the action in the centre of the movie. We watch what’s going on in the moving picture. He often starts his movies like this.
In Stagecoach, the Overland stage moves through the shot, into a second shot, almost as still. It gives us time to see the story, it establishes an important part of the story (the stagecoach). Though we do not really know it we are already in the story, there is no scene-setting.
He does it again in a movie he made over twenty years later The Man Who Shot Liberty Valance. The train comes into and through the shot, there are no people. This is so right, because the railroad is a key player in the movie. He keeps the railroad in the forefront of the story for a couple of scenes. It is critical.
He does it again in the marvellous WW2 movie, They Were Expendable. The Motor Torpedo Boat squadron come into view before peeling off across the foreground of the scene.
Actually, the opening scene of They Were Expendable is one of the most beautiful scenes in movies. Like Flying Boats.Ferrari’s and any other mechanical perfection, motor-torpedo-boats are things of beauty. Beautiful and dangerous, like sharks. Ford has them fleet and fast skimming the waves of the Pacific , metallic and glistening under the bright sun. They gracefully curve off into fast complex manoeuvres, sunlight flashing off the hulls. Simply beautiful, as good as a painting by DaVinci.
Even though it does not do it justice, here is a still from that first scene.
Ford’s Men
It is not just the story that makes John Ford the poet of American life. It is also his portrayal of American men. In my view no director has ever understood better the importance of individual spirit and self reliance versus the importance of family and community. Ford shows the conflict between the two and in doing so gives us the greatest stories.
Ford’s men are truly American, brave, independent, openhanded, direct and manly. The Ringo Kid (John Wayne) in Stagecoach is his own man, willing to stand outside of the law to do what is right. In the Searchers, Wayne’s Ethan Edwards is willing to go to any lengths to rescue what remains of his family from the Commanches.
Late in his career, John Ford made the The Man Who Shot Liberty Valance. By this time Ford and his screen alter-ego, John Wayne, had refined their vision of the American man to perfection. The Man Who Shot Liberty Valance is a wonderful movie, a concentrated distillation of Ford’s view of the old West.
Wayne’s character, Tom Doniphon, is like some big, sleek animal, a panther maybe, dangerous when roused. Wayne’s graceful, insolent movements fill his every screen appearance with controlled power. He is a spirited, independent man, who rules his own life. He is dangerous and he knows it. Here is part of his earliest exchange with Ransom Stoddart (James Stewart), a tenderfoot lawyer robbed and badly beaten by Liberty Valance.
“Liberty Valance is the toughest man south of the picket-wire. Next to me.”
They Were Expendable
For me, Ford’s best portrayal of American men is in They Were Expendable. Both Lieutenant Brickley (Robert Montgomery) and Lieutenant (JG) Rusty Ryan (John Wayne) are obviously exceptional men. Motor Torpedo Boat commanders at the outset of the Pacific War in WW2, they and their men fight valiantly against the Japanese tide sweeping the Pacific. These are men who stand for freedom, in the sure knowedge that the immediate fight is unwinnable. In fact it is wrong to say that this is about Montgomery and Wayne. Every American man in this movie is dedicated to the spirit of freedom.
They Were Expendable is a study in the beauty of brave men, from the ensign to the torpedoman. These are men rising above pain and death, in the name of freedom. In They Were Expendable they do it without fuss, without drama because that’s how a man does it. It is the same hardscrabble grit and courage that tamed the American West. There is no better movie about courage and patriotism and a man’s urge for freedom. This is a movie of Americans with their back to the wall, and how their guts and courage carry them through.
Ford’s Family
For John Ford, family was the most precious thing. If his men were individuals, yet they knew that they fought for family and life.
There is a wonderful scene in Stagecoach that shows this. The stagecoach travellers, fleeing the Indian warparty are holed up at the staging post. The alcoholic Doc Boone has just delivered the baby of the pregnant cavalry officer’s wife. It’s early morning in the scene. Dallas, a prostitute (Claire Trevor), who has been shunned by all the other passengers except the Doc and the Ringo Kid (John Wayne) walks into the room full of passenger’s carrying the baby. Dallas is beautiful. The light in her eyes as she holds the new-born is wonderful. The Ringo Kid sees this, sees her truly beautiful spirit and falls even more deeply in love with her.
It is even more poignantly shown, in They Were Expendable. The Motor Torpedo Boat squadron have fallen back to Bataan, unable to stem the Japanese advance. Out of spares, torpedos and gas, somehow they continue to fight on. In a lull in this hell, Rusty Ryan (John Wayne) sets up an officer’s dinner for Sandy Davys (Donna Reed) the American nurse he has fallen in love with. As gentlemen, the officers host the dinner, building a make-do diner party in their bamboo office, using up their meagre rations. Most of these men are going to die soon and they know it. But they put that aside, they celebrate decency and civilisation, because they know they are fighting for women like Sandy Davys. It is one of the most subtly underplayed and beautiful scenes ever filmed.
John Ford and Loss
So many of John Ford’s movies explore the same conundrum. The individual stands on the threshold, he has the power to create civilisation, but civilisation cannot accommodate him, has no place for him. He wants community and family but they reject his striving restless spirit. It was never more simply played out than at the end of the Searchers. Ethan Edwards (John Wayne) stands framed in the doorway of the ranchhouse, holding his arm as though it is the only thing holding him together. Having rebuilt his family as best he can, he finds there is no place in it for him.
The Man Who Shot Liberty Valance
I cannot watch Liberty Valance much anymore. It is such an aching portrayal of a good man’s loss. There is no hope, no optimism in the movie, and it is only watchable at all because it is one of the finest movies ever made.
Liberty Valance is powerful and haunting, the idea that one decision by a man can destroy his entire life. The cowboy town of Shinbone is dominated by Liberty Valance (Lee Marvin) a thief and a murderer, evil incarnate. Tom Doniphon (John Wayne) is Ford’s “good bad man” a frontiersman, an individualist who respects the right of other men to live as they chose and only asks that they allow him the same freedom. In Tom Doniphon resides the true spirit of the American individualist.
But events force Tom to make a decision. Let Shinbone go its own way and let people suffer? Or face Liberty Valance and help Shinbone become civilised? The decision that Tom makes destroys his life utterly. Ford plays out the conflict between civilisation and the strong individual man and shows the outcome to be bleak.
I guess that is why I prefer They Were Expendable. It shows men harnessing their spirit to an ideal, freedom from tyranny and a better outcome.
The Quiet Man
To end on an up note. I mentioned earlier that The Quiet Man was scorned in my family when I was growing up. I myself thought it was corny beyond belief.
Ford’s village of Innisfree is really a kind of Brigadoon, a fantasy Ireland that is always green and pleasant and exists somewhere out of time. But you know, as I get older, I warm to the movie. It has in its favour the most dramatic passionate kiss ever filmed, John Wayne and Maureen O’Hara.
Ford builds a fantasy Ireland with every Irish myth writ large. In Innisfree, you can drink with friends, get uproariously drunk and never have a hangover. A sporting man can bet on the horses without restraint and share his winning with his friends. Women are sparky sexy and eternally true to their good men. You can brawl like a champion boxer and apart from a few bruises, everyone is good the next day. There are no mortgages, politicians or protest marches.
I get what John Ford was doing now. Innisfree is not real.
But it should be.
God Bless you Mr Ford, wherever you are.
Further articles that you might like:
From 1934, John Ford was a spy for the US Navy and during WW2 worked for the OSS, the forerunner of the CIA. For our article on Wild Bill Donovan, the founder of the OSS, go here
We wrote about John Wayne here and here
Details
There are so many books on John Ford you could spend a life reading them. Here is the one I recommend:
Roger McBride
Searching for John Ford, a life
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